Patanjali Yoga describes Siddhis as extraordinary powers or perfections that can arise from advanced yogic practice, specifically from mastering Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi through the process of Samyama. While not the goal of yoga, these Siddhis are considered natural byproducts of deep spiritual discipline, such as controlling the five elements or attaining a profound state of inner stillness. The most famous are the Eight Great Siddhis (Ashta Maha Siddhis), which include abilities like becoming infinitely small (Anima), large (Mahima), or light (Laghima), as well as powers like achieving anything desired (Prakamya) and controlling natural elements (Ishatva).
The Eight Great Siddhis (Ashta Maha Siddhis):
These are the most commonly cited Siddhis, representing extraordinary abilities:
Anima (अणिमा): The ability to become infinitely small.
Mahima (महिमा): The ability to become infinitely large.
Laghima (लघिमा): The ability to become very light, or weightless.
Garima (गरिमा): The ability to become infinitely heavy or weighty.
Prapti (प्राप्ति): The ability to acquire anything desired or to reach any place instantaneously.
Prakamya (प्राकाम्य): The ability to fulfill any wish or desire.
Ishatva (इषत्व): The ability to control and manipulate natural elements and other beings, becoming like a deity.
Vashitva (वशीत्व): The ability to control and command all things.
How Siddhis Arise (Samyama):
Samyama: Patanjali explains in the Vibhuti Pada (the third chapter of the Yoga Sutras) that the simultaneous practice of Dharana (concentration), Dhyana (meditation), and Samadhi (absorption) is called Samyama.
Power of Mind: This powerful and focused mental process allows the mind to transcend normal limitations, making these Siddhis manifest as natural by-products.
Tapasya (Austerity): Intense austerity and deep spiritual discipline (tapasya) can also contribute to the manifestation of these powers.
Important Considerations:
By-products, Not Goals: Patanjali emphasizes that Siddhis are natural side effects of deep practice and should not be the primary goal of yoga.
Focus on Liberation: The ultimate aim of yoga, according to Patanjali, is self-realization, liberation from suffering, and union with the divine, not the acquisition of extraordinary powers.
Symbolic vs. Literal Interpretation: Whether these powers are to be interpreted literally, symbolically, or a combination of both, is a subject of centuries-old debate among practitioners and scholars.