Bhūtavidyā

 Bhūtavidyā is one of the eight branches (Aṣṭāṅga) of Ayurveda, traditionally defined as the science of treating mental and psychic disorders believed to be caused by supernatural influences, such as malignant spirits, demons, or invisible forces. 

Also known as Graha Chikitsā or Bhūta Vigyāna, this field is considered the ancient equivalent of modern psychiatry and psychotherapy.  Its scope and interpretations vary across texts:

Traditional View: It addresses diseases of the mind (Manas Roga) caused by Bhūtas (spirits, ghosts, or malevolent entities) and treats conditions like epilepsy, mania, and behavioral disturbances through spiritual practices, exorcism, prayers, and specific herbal remedies. 

Modern Interpretation: Many contemporary scholars and practitioners interpret Bhūtas not as literal spirits, but as imperceptible causative agents such as microscopic organisms (viruses, bacteria), environmental factors, or psychological stressors that affect mental health beyond the standard Tridosha (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) framework. 

Classification: While primarily associated with Ayurveda, the term also appears in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad as one of the nineteen branches of knowledge, referring to the art of controlling or appeasing disembodied spirits. 

The branch emphasizes the intersection of mental health, emotional well-being, and spiritual understanding, utilizing a combination of Sāttvavajaya (psychotherapy), Mantra (sound therapy), Yoga, and Āushadha (herbal medicine) for treatment.